How do elementary students learn science?
I think that students learn science like any other discipline—through experience. One way to get hands-on experience is to go on fieldtrips; I remember fieldtrips in elementary school very fondly. There are other ways to gain experience, though. An example might be to have labs in class. To clarify: I do NOT mean like the boring labs during chemistry class in high school. No, instead I mean labs like documenting the transformation of a caterpillar to a butterfly, having the students write down expectations/predictions and descriptions of the events.
What classroom environments facilitate elementary students’ science learning?
Probably the best classroom environments conducive to learning are the one where the teacher unconditionally encourages students to explore every facet of the world and their environment, even if the assumptions and hypotheses are incorrect in their nature. I suppose it also goes without saying that it’s important to avoid teaching just to the middle. Teaching to the middle really only helps one group, and then hinders the rest.
Classrooms with open minds, at least in my opinion, help children by not scaring them from speaking up and exploring various facets of science.
What should teachers know and be able to do to design and foster effective elementary science learning environments?
Obviously, teachers should be aware of the material that they are teaching, and they should also never ask students to do something that they cannot do. It’s not good for a teacher that is afraid of bugs—like caterpillars—to have a lab in class like the one I described above. Instead, the teacher need to either get over his/her fear, or find another activity to engage their students in.
Additionally, every teacher needs to know just how far to push students. If you expect too much of students, they will always fail. If you expect to little, they become complacent and their progress plateaus. A good teacher continually ramps up the expectations after accurately gaging students’ abilities.